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4.2. Step 1: Applicability of SUMP Idea—Port of Bar Sustainability Practices
The micro-SUMP growth course of begins with an analysis of the SUMP idea and its applicability to the port space. The Metropolis of Bar presently lacks an outlined SUMP, which was one of many challenges in our analysis. Within the absence of such a plan, we relied on the present literature on the SUMP idea, which is briefly introduced within the earlier part. The extent of element is acceptable for the scope of this analysis—a case examine that primarily focuses on assessing the feasibility of a possible pilot resolution relevant to the noticed port. The total implementation of the proposed resolution would undoubtedly necessitate a extra complete evaluation of the SUMP idea and the necessary involvement of different stakeholders, similar to town administration, vacationer organizations, cruise line operators, and metropolis planners. In our analysis, the primary members included researchers/specialists and representatives of the Port of Bar. We additionally collaborated with different specialists within the area of SUMP, in addition to representatives from different ports within the area, introduced collectively throughout the framework of the SuMo challenge [45]. As a result of issues talked about above, this step of the proposed methodology was realized to the extent mandatory for the case examine. The first objective was to grasp the present sustainability efforts of the Port of Bar, their objectives on this regard, and, extra broadly, to find out whether or not the micro-SUMP idea growth will be utilized within the noticed port.
After reviewing a dozen latest initiatives by which the Port of Bar participated, in addition to their growth plans, it may be concluded that the Port of Bar has acknowledged the importance of sustainable growth and initiated its ‘inexperienced port transformation’ initiative. The overarching objective is to determine an energy-efficient and low-emission port operation to scale back prices, improve total effectivity, and enhance environmental efficiency.
As a pivotal element of its complete ‘vitality sustainability technique’, the Port of Bar has devised, in collaboration with the ‘Sustainable Ports within the Adriatic-Ionian Area (SUPAIR)’ challenge [46], an motion plan for sustainable and low-carbon operations. This plan affords detailed and concrete pointers on how you can cost-effectively cut back the environmental affect of port operations. It outlines the port’s most important medium and long-term vitality sustainability goals, encompassing actions aimed toward decreasing vitality consumption (e.g., oil, diesel, electrical energy, or fuel) and mitigating dangerous emissions. The motion plan addresses vitality sustainability features inside each delivery and port operations and proposes two fundamental classes of measures: Class 1 focuses on organizational features, whereas Class 2 facilities on vitality client clusters. In whole, 65 distinct measures have been proposed. The efforts to deal with sustainable mobility points throughout the port space signify a pure extension of the earlier work aimed toward bettering the general vitality sustainability of the port.
4.5. Step 4: Analysis of Obtainable Sensible Options (Finest Practices)
The subsequent step entails creating an inventory of potential options and assessing them, drawing from an examination of the very best practices that have been collected and analyzed earlier. To develop exact sensible options for the given case examine port, it’s essential to pinpoint and elaborate on the related measures and actions which have been applied in related instances. This step compiles well-established approaches and practices for locating new mobility ideas that bridge metropolis and port areas. This assortment of greatest practices is geared in the direction of recognizing modern and validated approaches for fostering extra sustainable mobility. The identification of those various initiatives was carried out by completely reviewing numerous publicly accessible data repositories. Desk 1 presents the options which have been recognized as relevant to the case port underneath examination.
Whereas the collected greatest practices don’t goal to embody the total vary of measures and actions throughout Europe to help the implementation of SUMPs within the port space, they function a helpful data base, addressing the problems, challenges, and adopted measures associated to sustainable mobility on this particular metropolis space. You will need to observe that the great evaluation of the options entailed an in depth description, which included figuring out the initiators of the answer (authorities, metropolis, firm, individuals), the projected or precise prices of implementing the answer, the achieved outcomes, the affect on the sustainability of the noticed system, the opportunity of replication, and the essential classes discovered from this resolution. Nevertheless, because of the in depth nature of the whole evaluation, it has not been included on this paper resulting from scope limitations.
After evaluating the recognized greatest practices, the following step entails compiling an inventory of potential options for the Port of Bar, contemplating the outlined goals for the event of extra sustainable mobility options within the port space (already performed in Step 3). All options are proposed by the authors in cooperation with the port representatives. The options associated to the primary goal will primarily concentrate on selling hybrid and electrical mobility, in addition to providers supposed for car- or ride-sharing. Options pertaining to the second goal will think about enhancing mobility in proximity to the port space, with an emphasis on biking. The third proposed goal will prioritize the optimization of public transportation, emphasizing improved modal integration and journey administration. All proposed options have been chosen for his or her orientation in the direction of growing the provision of sustainable mobility choices within the port space, with a concentrate on the focused kinds of mobility: the motion of commuters (employees or ferry passengers) and vacationers. As well as, the proposed options have vital potential to align with the sustainability goals throughout the broader Metropolis of Bar space. That’s, these options are fully according to the proposed two-stage method for creating a micro-SUMP. The listing of proposed options for this case examine will be present in Desk 2.
4.6. Step 5: Analysis of Potential Options and Definition of Improvement Imaginative and prescient
After conducting a complete evaluation of the present mobility challenges, wants, and goals for establishing sustainable mobility choices within the port space of Bar and finishing a assessment of the very best practices and proposition of possible options for sustainable mobility decisions, this step entails the analysis and collection of essentially the most acceptable choice. Establishing appropriate, achievable, and related options that align with the broader goals of sustainability and effectiveness, each throughout the port space and the wide-city space will drive the formulation of an overarching micro-SUMP imaginative and prescient. This imaginative and prescient can be based on the combination of sustainability as a core growth precept, emphasizing a discount within the environmental affect, in addition to vitality effectivity and the promotion of eco-friendly transport and mobility approaches.
Resolution 1: Energetic Mobility—this proposed resolution entails the institution of designated strolling and biking paths throughout the port space, with the goal of facilitating non-motorized transportation for workers and different commuters. This initiative is taken into account infrastructural, because it incorporates particular infrastructure options to boost security for cyclists and lift consciousness amongst different site visitors members. Whereas the development of the strolling and biking paths is designed to observe the primary transport corridors throughout the port, the presence of a fence between the Port of Bar and the Port of Adria presently impedes the event of a unified and unobstructed strolling and biking pathway. Nevertheless, with the potential future unification of those two firms (port operators), there stays a chance that inner fences can be dismantled, thereby enabling the event of energetic mobility within the Port of Bar.
On this situation, the proposed route for the energetic mobility path throughout the Port of Bar would resemble the illustration offered in Determine 5. When creating a devoted infrastructure for energetic mobility within the Port of Bar, it’s important to think about the next components: (i) implementing satisfactory lighting is essential for guaranteeing 24 h biking; (ii) sustaining year-round biking requires winter providers to scrub surfaces for pedestrians and cyclists; (iii) particular consideration have to be given to intersections in port areas, contemplating the coexistence of rail and freight transport, emphasizing security; (iv) huge and straight streets in port areas might encourage sooner driving amongst motorized autos, even throughout turns, resulting in doubtlessly hazardous driving behaviors; (v) offering well-maintained surfaces and sufficiently huge bicycle lanes with ample house for overtaking is crucial; (vi) creating a transparent routing system, supported by acceptable signage and marking vital areas for security functions, is essential; and (vii) contemplating the long-term chance of integrating biking with different public transport modes for enhanced connectivity.
Resolution 2: Use of hybrid bus for the Port of Bar inner transport—this resolution entails the implementation of an inner transport system throughout the Port of Bar, facilitating the journey of workers throughout the port space via using hybrid buses. This initiative goals to attenuate the variety of autos coming into the port, thereby decreasing site visitors congestion, air pollution, and noise throughout the port space. Its major goal is to encourage the widespread adoption of low-emission autos for improved environmental sustainability. To evaluate the potential affect of the hybrid bus on inner transport throughout the Port of Bar, an evaluation was performed on the day by day inflow of autos coming into the port, together with the variety of workers working throughout every shift on the port. Primarily based on the variety of workers and the variety of non-public automotive entries to the port space, it may be inferred that the implementation of inner transport through a hybrid bus system ought to accommodate roughly 300 employees through the first shift and 200 through the second shift. This capability will be managed by scheduling an acceptable variety of spherical journeys in each shifts. The proposed route and site of the bus stops are illustrated in Determine 6.
The proposed route encompasses six stations, starting and ending on the port’s entrance gate, with 4 intermediate stations strategically positioned to cater to the frequent transport calls for of employees throughout each working shifts. Implementing this resolution would lower the variety of automobiles within the port space, positively impacting house utilization and resulting in a discount in noise and air pollution ranges throughout the port neighborhood. Contemplating the anticipated peak utilization of the service initially and finish of shifts, there can be a notable time window of three to 4 h throughout every shift the place the bus might serve different functions, similar to transporting vacationers between the Port of Bar and the Previous Metropolis of Bar (Resolution 3). This environment friendly utilization of capability might yield vital monetary and environmental advantages.
Resolution 3: Transport of passengers from the Port of Bar to the Previous Metropolis of Bar—this resolution entails the group of passenger transport for vacationers between the Port of Bar and the Previous Metropolis of Bar utilizing hybrid buses. When analyzing passenger transport related to this initiative, it’s important to think about the passengers arriving from the ferry line Bar-Bari (Italy) and people arriving on cruise ships on the Port of Adria. The variety of passengers passing via the passenger terminal of the Port of Bar was obtained for the interval between 2011 and 2022, and the conclusion is that cruise ships result in 15,000 passengers per 12 months. The proposed route spans from the passenger terminal to the Previous Metropolis of Bar, overlaying a distance of roughly 5 km. This alternative relies on the Previous Metropolis’s significance as a key vacation spot for vacationers and contemplating that town middle itself is a part of the pedestrian zone in proximity to the terminal (roughly 400 m).
Contemplating the passenger rely, the capability of the hybrid bus, and the gap of the proposed route, it’s evident {that a} single bus is not going to suffice to offer the service independently. Subsequently, it needs to be supplied as a complement to an current vacationer transport service. Moreover, buying a bigger fleet of hybrid buses to accommodate the occasional transportation for 1000 cruise vacationers wouldn’t be financially justified because of the low common degree of capability utilization, contemplating the intermittent nature of cruise operations, which don’t function each day. In consequence, the preliminary method to the passenger transport of vacationers between the Port of Bar and the Previous Metropolis of Bar by hybrid bus needs to be launched as an occasional supplementary service. This service needs to be prearranged upfront between the Port of Bar and the cruise tour operator, primarily through the instances when the bus isn’t in use for Resolution 2.
Resolution 4: Port of Bar commute transport of workers to suburban areas by use of hybrid bus—this resolution entails the group of commuter transport for workers to and from suburban areas of the Port of Bar utilizing hybrid buses. This initiative goals to mitigate site visitors impacts and affect the journey habits of each workers and different commuters. To evaluate the present necessity for such a service, an evaluation was performed on the variety of workers commuting to the port for work from distances exceeding 5 km. Presently, there are 47 workers working within the Port of Bar who journey to work from distances higher than 5 km. Nevertheless, the variety of workers commuting to those particular locations is comparatively low, with lower than 5 workers for every location. Moreover, these locations are geographically dispersed, rendering the service financially and environmentally unviable at current. That is because of the appreciable size of the route, exceeding 40 km per path, leading to prolonged journey instances and a excessive vitality consumption fee per passenger kilometer, primarily attributed to the low-capacity utilization.
Even when the road size have been to be decreased, it might have a good affect on the vitality consumption fee. Nevertheless, it might solely cater to a small portion of worker commute transport, with the remaining workers prone to proceed utilizing non-public automobiles, thereby casting doubt on the general monetary and environmental efficacy of the service. Subsequently, initially, it might be more practical to postpone the implementation of this service and as a substitute concentrate on resolving this subject via the introduction of a carpooling system (Resolution 5). Subsequently, this service needs to be thought of for future implementation in collaboration with the Port of Adria and the Metropolis of Bar public transport firm to deal with different metropolis commute transport calls for and improve capability utilization, thereby augmenting its monetary and environmental affect. Within the occasion that this service is realized, it’s crucial to notice that employees would wish to disembark the bus earlier than the port’s fundamental gate for safety checks after which re-board the bus throughout the port space in accordance with security laws.
Resolution 5: Carpooling system for the workers of the port—the first goal of this resolution is to encourage the environment friendly utilization of personal automobiles amongst port employees, resulting in a discount in emissions and noise disturbance ensuing from commuting to and from the port space. This initiative goals to boost the general public house throughout the port space and generate financial savings on gas prices. Supporting carpooling by the port, significantly during times of excessive air pollution or elevated gas costs, presents an efficient method to maximise the seating capability of a automotive that will in any other case stay unused if solely the driving force have been to make use of the car. By accommodating a number of passengers in a single car, carpooling reduces particular person journey bills, together with gas prices and tolls, whereas assuaging the stress related to driving. Furthermore, carpooling represents a extra environmentally pleasant and sustainable mode of journey, because the sharing of journeys contributes to a discount in air air pollution, carbon emissions, site visitors congestion on roads, and the demand for parking areas.
Within the context of the Port of Bar, the promotion of carpooling ought to contain the event, procurement, or lease of an utility designed to facilitate ride-sharing amongst two or extra workers. This utility would encourage carpooling by analyzing components similar to workers’ shifts, working hours, areas, routes, and different related standards. By mapping close by colleagues geographically, the appliance would successfully help in establishing carpools for commuting to and from work. The appliance will be developed and maintained by the port, or alternatively, it could possibly be leased from any of the accessible on-line carpooling app suppliers and supplied to workers for free of charge. The value for leasing such a web based utility for firms ranges usually from 350 to 1500 EUR per 30 days, relying on the app’s options and the variety of customers throughout the firm. Implementation of the appliance will be accomplished inside one or two workdays. As soon as the appliance is developed or leased by the Port of Bar, it needs to be actively promoted amongst workers to encourage its use and guarantee its constructive affect on the setting. Initially, the port ought to present help or incentives to workers to encourage the uptake of the appliance.
4.7. Step 6: Choice of Resolution and Verification of Its Feasibility for Implementation
The ultimate step assumes the collection of an acceptable resolution based mostly on the beforehand performed detailed description and qualitative evaluation, together with the identification of potential particular points associated to its implementation. The validation of the chosen resolution’s utility is assessed via using cost-benefit evaluation (CBA).
After cautious consideration of the proposed options detailed within the earlier step, it was decided that the CBA would solely be performed for Resolution 2. This resolution was reached based mostly on a number of components. The implementation of Resolution 1 would necessitate the combination of two operators (the Port of Bar and the Port of Adria), which can or might not happen inside an outlined time-frame. Implementing Resolution 3 would require shut collaboration with town’s vacationer group and the cruise line operator to precisely challenge service demand and plan the required capacities accordingly. Equally, the implementation of Resolution 4 would entail collaboration with the Metropolis of Bar and its public transport firm, necessitating a extra in depth evaluation involving information that’s presently unavailable. Moreover, conducting a CBA for the proposed Resolution 5 would require a exact definition of the carpooling utility structure, prompting inquiries from IT firms for monetary proposals for utility growth. This course of would demand a big quantity of labor and time, which is presently not possible throughout the scope of this case examine. Ultimately, Resolution 2 adhered to the precept of built-in sustainable growth for each the Metropolis of Bar and the Port of Bar. This encompassed issues associated to the present site visitors scenario and site visitors administration throughout the Metropolis of Bar, its spatial planning, and the sustainable growth plans for the Port of Bar space. Lastly, in response to [55], this resolution of the group of bus providers is the commonest mobility administration initiative by port firms.
In accordance with widespread pointers [56], an acceptable methodology was employed to conduct a rational and sustainable CBA. Step one concerned figuring out vital points pertaining to the implementation of the chosen resolution. The second step entailed specifying the traits of the proposed hybrid bus and the bus line for the pilot motion. Detailed CBA calculations are offered in Appendix A. The analyzed pilot challenge, which represents a situation with a diesel hybrid bus, was examined and in contrast with the present scenario the place all the interior mobility throughout the port space is carried out by non-public automobiles. Contemplating the estimated funding value, advantages for each transport customers and non-users, in addition to the exterior prices saved, a CBA was carried out to confirm the financial comfort of the proposed resolution. The comparability between the 2 options was performed by analyzing the distinction between the prices and advantages over time.
To evaluate the feasibility of the answer (pilot challenge), the next indicators have been utilized: the web current worth (NPV) of the challenge, calculated utilizing a reduction fee of 5% [57], and the pay-back interval (PBP). The dedication of the NPV and PBP relies on the monetary money circulation, and the monetary calculations are elaborated in Appendix A. Desk 3 and Determine 7 examine the outcomes of the CBA performed in two methods: the “conventional” method (with out contemplating the exterior prices) and the method that accounts for the general carbon footprint. The desk exhibits that the pay-back interval for the “conventional” CBA is 17 years, whereas for the CBA, based mostly on the carbon footprint, it’s 11 years.
As evident from Desk 3 and Determine 7, a comparability of the cost-benefit indicators reveals that the evaluation based mostly on the general carbon footprint ensuing from the pilot motion gives a greater estimation of the constructive affect of utilizing hybrid buses. Since hybrid buses have a decrease carbon footprint in comparison with conventional diesel autos, transportation providers based mostly on this expertise provide clear advantages compared to the present scenario. Whereas the funding prices for hybrid buses are comparatively excessive, the monetary results, by way of the pay-back interval, might not be as favorable when solely direct transportation prices are thought of (the “conventional” method). Nevertheless, when each direct and oblique (exterior) transportation prices are factored in, together with the potential to repurpose the port space presently used for automotive parking right into a worthwhile exercise, the monetary results might develop into considerably extra favorable. An in depth overview of the anticipated results of implementing the pilot motion (chosen resolution) is offered in Appendix A.
On condition that the first focus of the pilot motion is predicted to be on environmental and social advantages somewhat than monetary positive aspects, an extra SWOT evaluation of the hybrid bus service has been performed (Desk 4). Integrating the outcomes of a CBA with a SWOT evaluation can provide a extra complete understanding of the pilot examine’s feasibility. The first strengths recognized, together with higher house utilization (linked to the present parking house), no vital infrastructure funding, and the comparatively low useful resource necessities for implementation align nicely with the challenge’s quick PBP. Alternatively, the CBA overlooks the extra planning and group required, in addition to the extra upkeep prices associated to hybrid bus implementation, which represents the challenge’s weaknesses. Subsequently, with a view to efficiently implement the proposed options, the Port of Bar should deal with the next points: buying new instruments and spare elements for sustaining the hybrid powertrain and electrical subsystems, managing the maintenance of the newly created bus stops and the depot, and many others. A big weak point lies within the inefficient use of bus capability when the service is completely oriented in the direction of commuters. Therefore, the port authorities would profit from integrating this service with vacationer transportation from cruise ships, fostering a stronger relationship with each town’s vacationer group and the cruise line operator.
The potential integration of this service into city public transport, together with its compatibility with different sustainable mobility choices like automotive sharing, enhances the feasibility of implementing this resolution. Furthermore, the substantial curiosity in optimizing using the port space’s floor, presently designated for car parking, not solely aligns with the outcomes of the cost-benefit evaluation but additionally serves as a big incentive to actualize this resolution. The CBA signifies that the deployment of hybrid buses might generate revenue for the port authorities, creating a chance for a brand new enterprise mannequin associated to the rental of parking areas. The potential threats recognized, such because the preliminary resistance of employees to utilizing this service, might affect the advantages outlined within the CBA. Moreover, threats associated to the decreased attractiveness of the proposed resolution, each conceptually and technologically, might have an effect on the potential estimated advantages of its implementation.
To sum up, following the proposed methodology and implementing all the required steps, a sustainable mobility resolution has been recognized as the inspiration for the longer term micro-SUMP for the Port space of Bar. The important thing strategic component of this micro-SUMP is the introduction of a hybrid bus for inner journeys throughout the port space. The proposed resolution is in accordance with the built-in method within the growth of the micro-SUMP as a result of it’s extremely appropriate for integrating into the event of city-wide SUMP for the Metropolis of Bar.
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